Igihekane “ndw/NDW” cyongeweho inyajwi Mu nyuguti nto: ndwi ndwu ndwo ndwa ndwe Mu nyuguti nkuru: NDWI NDWU NDWO NDWA NDWE Igihekane “ndw” mu magambo Igihekane “ndw” mu nteruro Igihekane “nzw/NZW” cyongeweho inyajwi Mu nyuguti nto: nzwi nzwu nzwo nzwa nzwe ...
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Ibihekane: PY na DW
LEARN ITIgihekane “py/PY” cyongeweho inyajwi Mu nyuguti nto: pyi pyu pyo pya pye Mu nyuguti nkuru: PYI PYU PYO PYA PYE Igihekane “py” mu magambo Igihekane “py” mu nteruro Igihekane “dw/DW” cyongeweho inyajwi Mu nyuguti nto: dwi dwu dwo dwa dwe Mu ...
Ibihekane: SHY na NGW
LEARN ITIgihekane “shy/SHY” cyongeweho inyajwi Mu nyuguti nto: shyi shyu shyo shya shye Mu nyuguti nkuru: SHYI SHYU SHYO SHYA SHYE Igihekane “shy” mu magambo Igihekane “shy” mu nteruro Igihekane “ngw/NGW” cyongeweho inyajwi Mu nyuguti nto: ngwi – – ngwa ngwe Mu nyuguti ...
Ibihekane: MBW na NTW
LEARN ITIgihekane “mbw/MBW” cyongeweho inyajwi Mu nyuguti nto: mbwi mbwu mbwo mbwa mbwe Mu nyuguti nkuru: MBWI MBWU MBWO MBWA MBWE Igihekane “mbw” mu magambo Igihekane “mbw” mu nteruro Igihekane “ntw/NTW” cyongeweho inyajwi Mu nyuguti nto: ntwi ntwu ntwo ntwa ntwe ...
Ibihekane: NSY na NSW
LEARN ITIgihekane “nsy/NSY” cyongeweho inyajwi Mu nyuguti nto: nsyi nsyu nsyo nsya nsye Mu nyuguti nkuru: NSYI NSYU NSYO NSYA NSYE Igihekane “nsy” mu magambo Igihekane “nsy” mu nteruro Igihekane “nsw/NSW” cyongeweho inyajwi Mu nyuguti nto: nswi nswu nswo nswa nswe ...
Ibihekane: NW na NS
LEARN ITIgihekane “nw/NW” cyongeweho inyajwi Mu nyuguti nto: nwi nwu nwo nwa nwe Mu nyuguti nkuru: NWI NWU NWO NWA NWE Igihekane “nw” mu magambo Ubwanwa Akananwa Umunwa Gusanwa Amamininwa Ibinwete Amasiganwa Kuganwa Guhanwa Ipfunwe Igihekane “nw” mu nteruro Ayo mamininwa uyahe ...
Ibihekane: NSH na SHW
LEARN ITIgihekane “nsh/NSH” cyongeweho inyajwi Mu nyuguti nto: nshi nshu nsho nsha nshe Mu nyuguti nkuru: NSHI NSHU NSHO NSHA NSHE Igihekane “nsh” mu magambo Igihekane “nsh” mu nteruro Igihekane “shw/SHW” cyongeweho inyajwi Mu nyuguti nto: shwi shwu shwo shwa shwe ...
Ibihekane: TW na BW
LEARN ITIgihekane “tw/TW” cyongeweho inyajwi Mu nyuguti nto: twi twu two twa twe Mu nyuguti nkuru: TWI TWU TWO TWA TWE Igihekane “tw” mu magambo Umutwe Abatware Ubutwari Gutwika Ubutwererane Amatwi Utwuma Twizerimana Uburetwa Utwenge Igihekane “tw” mu nteruro Ejo twize imibare. Rutwe adutwaze aka gatwaro. Twahirwa yaguze utwenda ...
Literature notes-S2-Chap I
LEARN ITCLASS: SENIOR TWO COURSE CONTENTS UNIT I: KEY ASPECTS OF PROSE UNIT II: SUBJECT, THEMES AND MESSAGES UNIT III: LITERARY DEVICES AND AUDIENCE UNIT IV: BALLADS UNIT V: POETIC DEVICES UNIT VI: SUBJECT, THEME AND CONTEXT ...
Umwandiko-Gikeri na Ntashya
LEARN ITUmunsi umwe Gikeri yasohotse mu mwobo yicara imbere yawo yota akazuba, ari na ko atumagura agatabi. Ntashya na we akomeza imihamirizo ye mu kirere, ariko bombi bakajya barebana. Kera kabaye Ntashya aramanuka asanga Gikeri. Bararamukanya, baraganira, bigeze aho Ntashya ati: ...
Umwandiko-Nyarubwana
LEARN ITKera umuntu yarahagurukaga akajya guhakirwa inka, akagabana vuba cyangwa se bitinze, inka akayicyura. Hakabaho n’urambirwa cyangwa se aho yacyeje baragaye imirimo ye, ubwo agataha amara masa. Uwagabanaga inka akayicyura ntibyaciraga aho; yaratahaga ariko akagira iminsi yo gufata igihe kwa Shebuja. ...
Literature notes-S6-Chap V
LEARN ITCLASS: SENIOR SIX TABLE OF CONTENTS UNIT I: EUROPEAN LITERARY TRADITIONS UNIT II: STRUCTURE IN MODERN PROSE UNIT III: ELEGY AND EPITAPH UNIT IV: LIMERICKS- RHYTHM AND RHYME UNIT V: FREE VERSE ...
Literature notes-S2-Chap II
LEARN ITCLASS: SENIOR TWO COURSE CONTENTS UNIT I: KEY ASPECTS OF PROSE UNIT II: SUBJECT, THEMES AND MESSAGES UNIT III: LITERARY DEVICES AND AUDIENCE UNIT IV: BALLADS UNIT V: POETIC DEVICES UNIT VI: SUBJECT, THEME AND CONTEXT ...
Ibihekane: PFY, RYW na MVYW
LEARN ITIgihekane “pfy” gishobora gukurikirwa n’inyajwi zose. Naho igihekane “ryw” na “mvyw” ntibikurikirwa n’inyajwi zose. Igihekane “pfy” Ingero Gukapfakapfya Yakapfakapfye Inkapfakapfyi Irakapfakapfye Ntibukapfakapfye Inka yakapfakapfye icyarire. Ingurube zakapfakapfye ibyatsi. Igihekane “ryw” Ingero Kuryarywa ...
Ibihekane: TS na NZ
LEARN ITIgihekane “ts/TS” cyongeweho inyajwi Mu nyuguti nto: tsi tsu tso tsa tse Mu nyuguti nkuru: TSI TSU TSO TSA TSE Igihekane “ts” mu magambo Umutsima Ibitsike Igitsina Umusatsi Kotsa Ikibatsi Bisetsa Itsinda Umutsindo Igitsi Igihekane “ts” mu nteruro Ikipe yacu yatsinze ibitego bitatu Rutsinga ...
African literary traditions
LEARN ITA literary tradition refers to some common features or characteristics which define the literature of a group of people at a certain period of time. These characteristics relate to the form and meaning of the literature of the particular place ...
Ibisakuzo IX
LEARN ITSakwe Sakwe… ! Soma! Jugujugu matembe = Inyundo y’umucuzi/Inyundo Jya mu kirambi wikorere isanduka = Imbaragasa mu kirenge Jya mu mubande ubandwe Kagoro = Uruyongoyongo Jya munsi y’urugo bagupfunde ibirozi=Ibiboga byagaze Jya ruguru tujye mataza ...
Subject, theme and message
LEARN ITSUBJECT A subject or subject matter is a topic which acts as a foundation for a literary work. It is the subject which makes a writer write something, or what something is about. Subject is also the inspiration ...
Ibihekane: BY na NT
LEARN ITIgihekane “by/BY” cyongeweho inyajwi Mu nyuguti nto: byi byu byo bya bye Mu nyuguti nkuru: BYI BYU BYO BYA BYE Igihekane “by” mu magambo Ibyuma Ababyeyi Ibyana Kubyaza Uturabyo Amabyiruka Ibyondo Umubyare Urubyiruko Amakabyo Igihekane “by” mu nteruro Umubyeyi yabyaye umuhungu. Umubibyi wo mu Byimana yabibye amasaka. Abana ...
Literature notes-S2-Chap V
LEARN ITCLASS: SENIOR TWO COURSE CONTENTS UNIT I: KEY ASPECTS OF PROSE UNIT II: SUBJECT, THEMES AND MESSAGES UNIT III: LITERARY DEVICES AND AUDIENCE UNIT IV: BALLADS UNIT V: POETIC DEVICES UNIT VI: SUBJECT, THEME AND CONTEXT ...
Ibihekane: MF, PF na ZW
LEARN ITIgihekane “mf/MF” cyongeweho inyajwi Mu nyuguti nto: mfi mfu mfo mfa mfe Mu nyuguti nkuru: MFI MFU MFO MFA MFE Igihekane “mf” mu magambo Igihekane “mf” mu nteruro Igihekane “pf/PF” cyongeweho inyajwi Mu nyuguti nto: pfi pfu pfo pfa pfe Mu nyuguti ...
Umugani-Nyanshya na Baba
LEARN ITHabayeho umugabo n’umugore bakagirana abana babiri, umuhungu n’umukobwa. Umuhungu akitwa Baba naho umukobwa akitwa Nyanshya. Bukeye uwo mugabo aza gupfa. Hashize iminsi na wa mugore arapfa. Abana basigara bonyine. Nyanshya na Baba bajya mu ishyamba, bakajya batungwa no gutega utunyoni. ...
Literature notes-S2-Chap IV
LEARN ITCLASS: SENIOR TWO COURSE CONTENTS UNIT I: KEY ASPECTS OF PROSE UNIT II: SUBJECT, THEMES AND MESSAGES UNIT III: LITERARY DEVICES AND AUDIENCE UNIT IV: BALLADS UNIT V: POETIC DEVICES UNIT VI: SUBJECT, THEME AND CONTEXT ...
Umwandiko-Ururimi rwoshywa n’urundi
LEARN ITRimwe umunsi w’ubunani wari wegereje, hakaba umugabo n’umugore bari bamaranye imyaka myinshi. Ku mugoroba wa joro baricara baganira ibya mva he na njya he! Reka si umunezero bari bafite bombi, dore ko uwo mwaka wari unashize bawufitemo amahoro n’amahirwe menshi. ...
Umwandiko-Bakame n’icyiyone
LEARN ITAmapfa yarateye Bakame irasonza; Maze yibuka ibyo gusuhuka. Iti: “Mu Kinyaga mpafite mabukwe Nahakoye inka zanjye umunani.” Bakame iragenda, ibonye inaniwe, Ijya mu gicucu munsi y’igiti, Irora hejuru ibona icyiyone Gitamiye umunopfu w’umutari. Nkunda agatukura Bakame ikarusha! Iti: “Henga nihendere ...
Literature notes-S3-Chap V
LEARN ITCLASS: SENIOR THREE COURSE CONTENTS UNIT I: REVIEW OF KEY ASPECTS OF PROSE UNIT II: PLOT DEVELOPMENT UNIT III: TONE, ATMOSPHERE AND PURPOSE UNIT IV: TYPES OF POETRY AND POEMS UNIT V: POETIC DEVICES UNIT VI: CONTEXT AND PLOT DEVELOPMENT ...
Literature notes-S6-Chap III
LEARN ITCLASS: SENIOR SIX TABLE OF CONTENTS UNIT I: EUROPEAN LITERARY TRADITIONS UNIT II: STRUCTURE IN MODERN PROSE UNIT III: ELEGY AND EPITAPH UNIT IV: LIMERICKS- RHYTHM AND RHYME UNIT V: FREE VERSE UNIT VI: THEATRE OF THE ABSURD ...
Umwandiko-Ngoma ya Sacyega
LEARN ITSacyega yari umuhannyi w’ibwami, akagira abagore babiri. Umugore muto abyara abakobwa gusa, umukuru abyara umwana umwe w’umuhungu witwa Ngoma. Sacyega yatoneshaga umugore wabyaye abakobwa, ntiyite kuri nyina wa Ngoma kandi uwo muhungu ari we waragiraga inka za se zose, akaba ...
Umwandiko-Mutima muke wo mu rutiba II
LEARN ITBukeye, ingwe ijya guhiga. Imbwa ibonye amagufwa ayagirana ku zuba, iribwira iti: “Icyica abana b’ingwe ni uko nyahekenyera hafi; ndenze imisozi ibiri, nayahekenya ntibigire icyo bitwara.” Ibatura igufwa, igenda yiruka irenga imisozi ibiri. Ibona umwobo w’inyaga yinjizamo ikinwa, irahekenya, irahekenya…. ...
Umwandiko-Ubwoba bw’inyamaswa
LEARN ITUmunsi umwe, urukwavu rwari runaniwe maze rwiryamira munsi y’igiti kinini cy’ipapayi, rurasinzira. Amapapayi y’icyo giti yari yarahishije cyane. Kubera uburemere, rimwe riza guhanuka, ryikubita hasi, iruhande rw’urukwavu. Urukwavu rukangukira hejuru rufite ubwoba, rukeka ko ari nyir’umurima uruvuza amabuye ashaka kurwica. ...
Literature notes-S5-Chap III
LEARN ITCLASS: SENIOR FIVE CONTENTS UNIT 1: EUROPEAN LITERARY TRADITIONS 1 UNIT 2: UNDERSTANDING PROSE UNIT 3: THEMES IN AFRICAN NOVELS UNIT 4: EPIC POETRY UNIT 5: ODES UNIT 6: RHYTHM IN AFRICAN POETRY UNIT 7: DEVELOPMENT ...
Umwandiko-Umugani wa Cacana
LEARN ITCacana yari mukuza, yari mukoza. Yaje ntinyishi kwa Bacondo, arabahamagara, arababwira ati: «Yemwe bene urugo, ntimushaka kubaga, nkabatiza intorezo n’umuhoro, mukampa ikibaro?» Baramukubita, aragenda n’i Gatovu kwa Rukangamiheto rwa Rwogera ati: «Yemwe bene urugo, ntimushaka kubaga, nkabatiza intorezo n’umuhoro, mukampa ...
Literature notes-S2-Chap VI
LEARN ITCLASS: SENIOR TWO COURSE CONTENTS UNIT I: KEY ASPECTS OF PROSE UNIT II: SUBJECT, THEMES AND MESSAGES UNIT III: LITERARY DEVICES AND AUDIENCE UNIT IV: BALLADS UNIT V: POETIC DEVICES UNIT VI: SUBJECT, THEME AND CONTEXT ...
Literature notes-S6-Chap I
LEARN ITCLASS: SENIOR SIX TABLE OF CONTENTS UNIT I: EUROPEAN LITERARY TRADITIONS UNIT II: STRUCTURE IN MODERN PROSE UNIT III: ELEGY AND EPITAPH UNIT IV: LIMERICKS- RHYTHM AND RHYME UNIT V: FREE VERSE UNIT VI: THEATRE OF THE ...
Ibihekane: RW na MW
LEARN ITIgihekane “rw/RW” cyongeweho inyajwi Mu nyuguti nto: rwi rwu rwo rwa rwe Mu nyuguti nkuru: RWI RWU RWO RWA RWE Igihekane “rw” mu magambo Abarwayi Umurwano Urwiri Abanyarwanda Urwego Urwondo Amarwa Urwibutso Amagorwa Kurwana Igihekane “rw” mu nteruro Ikinyarwanda ni ururimi kavukire rw’Abanyarwanda. Karemera yaguze urundi rwembe. Uru ...
Regular Verbs
LEARN ITIn English grammar, verbs are regular if they have the conventional ‘-ed’ ending in the past tense and/or past participle forms. These verbs follow the usual rules for verb forms. Their conjugation follows the typical pattern of the language to ...
Ibihekane: MP na JY
LEARN ITIgihekane “mp/MP” cyongeweho inyajwi Mu nyuguti nto: mpi mpu mpo mpa mpe Mu nyuguti nkuru: MPI MPU MPO MPA MPE Igihekane “mp” mu magambo Impumuro Impano Nyampinga Impengeri Imperekeza Impanuro Impapuro Kampala Impengeri Imparage Igihekane “mp” mu nteruro Sempano yampaye impu. Tuzazana imibavu ...
Ibihekane: GW na SW
LEARN ITIgihekane “gw/GW” cyongeweho inyajwi Mu nyuguti nto: gwi – – gwa gwe Mu nyuguti nkuru: GWI – – GWA GWE Igihekane “gw” mu magambo Igihekane “gw” mu nteruro Igihekane “sw/SW” cyongeweho inyajwi Mu nyuguti nto: swi swu swo swa swe Mu ...
Ibihekane: TY na SY
LEARN ITIgihekane “ty/TY” cyongeweho inyajwi Mu nyuguti nto: tyi tyu tyo tya tye Mu nyuguti nkuru: TYI TYU TYO TYA TYE Igihekane “ty” mu magambo Igihekane “ty” mu nteruro Igihekane “sy/SY” cyongeweho inyajwi Mu nyuguti nto: syi syu syo sya sye Mu ...
Umwandiko-Umugani wa Nyiranda
LEARN ITHari umwana w’umukobwa, akitwa Nyiranda. Yari yarajujubije ababyeyi be. Bamusigaga ku rugo akiba inzoga cyangwa amata, bamubaza uwakoze ibyo ati: «Simbizi.» Kandi ibintu ari we wabiyogoje! Bagira ngo babitse ibiryo by’abana bato akabirya; nyina yamubaza, akavuga ko atazi uwabyibye! Bityo ...
Umwandiko-Umurage w’abavandimwe batatu
LEARN ITHabayeho umugabo akagira abana batatu b’abahungu, nyina w’abo bana akaba yarashaje. Uwo mugabo nta cyo yagiraga, uretse inzu yari atuyemo. Buri mwana muri abo bana rero, akifuza kuzaragwa iyo nzu. Ibyo kuyibagabanya cyangwa kuyigurisha byo mu muryango wabo bari barabibabujije. ...
Ibisakuzo IV
LEARN ITSakwe Sakwe… ! Soma! Dadari dadari = Inda mu ruhara Data aranyishe data wacu arankiza = Ibuye ryica isuka irindi rikayigorora Dimba ikwege = Ikiba cy’ubwatsi Dimbi idori = Intore mu rwabya Dore abakobwa ...
Umwandiko-Sakindi
LEARN ITKera habayeho umugabo akitwa Sakindi, ashaka umugore. Igihe umugore atwite Sakindi ajya guhakwa i bwami. Umunsi wo kubyara imvura iramukira ku muryango. Umwami w’ icyo gihugu aza kugama, agera muri urwo rugo, wa mugore nyirarwo ariho abyara . Umubyeyi amaze ...
NOTES S1
LEARN ITCLASS: SENIOR ONE COURSE CONTENTS UNIT I: INTRODUCTION TO LITERARY GENRES: FICTION AND NON-FICTIONUNIT II: INTRODUCTION TO PROSE: PLOT, SETTING & CHARACTERSUNIT III: INTRODUCTION TO POETRYUNIT IV: THEMES AND MESSAGES IN POETRYUNIT V: LANGUAGE USE IN POETRYUNIT VI: INTRODUCTION TO ...
Umwandiko-Utazi ubwenge ashima ubwe
LEARN ITIntare umwami w’ishyamba yarwaje umwana, ibura ibitotsi ikajya irara yomongana mu ishyamba ryose, iboroga bicika, iririra icyana cyayo. Ibaza imiti biba iby’ubusa, umurwayi akomeza kuremba kuko indwara yari yarayoberanye. Intare igeze aho yigira inama yo gukoranya ingabo zayo ngo izibaze ...
Literature notes-S2-Chap III
LEARN ITCOURSE CONTENTS UNIT I: KEY ASPECTS OF PROSE UNIT II: SUBJECT, THEMES AND MESSAGES UNIT III: LITERARY DEVICES AND AUDIENCE UNIT IV: BALLADS UNIT V: POETIC DEVICES UNIT VI: SUBJECT, THEME AND CONTEXT UNIT VII: DRAMATIC ...
Umwandiko-Umusaza n’abuzukuru be
LEARN ITUmusaza yari afite abuzukuru batatu b’abasore; abo bana ntibumvikane, ahubwo iteka bagahora batongana. Sekuru yabireba bikamubabaza cyane. Bukeye arababwira ati: «Bana banjye, mujye mubana neza ntimugahore mupfa ubusa. » Abasore bawe ntibabyiteho bikomereza umwiryane wabo. Umunsi umwe, umusaza amaze kubona ...
Literature notes-S6-Chap VI
LEARN ITCLASS: SENIOR SIX TABLE OF CONTENTS UNIT I: EUROPEAN LITERARY TRADITIONS UNIT II: STRUCTURE IN MODERN PROSE UNIT III: ELEGY AND EPITAPH UNIT IV: LIMERICKS- RHYTHM AND RHYME UNIT V: FREE VERSE UNIT VI: THEATRE OF THE ABSURD ...
Literature notes-S1-Chap V
LEARN ITCLASS: SENIOR ONE COURSE CONTENTS UNIT I: INTRODUCTION TO LITERARY GENRES: FICTION AND NON-FICTION UNIT II: INTRODUCTION TO PROSE: PLOT, SETTING & CHARACTERS UNIT III: INTRODUCTION TO POETRY UNIT IV: THEMES AND MESSAGES IN POETRY UNIT V: LANGUAGE USE ...
Literature notes-S4-Chap V
LEARN ITCLASS: SENIOR FOUR CONTENTS UNIT 1: REVIEW THE KEY ASPECTS OF PROSE UNIT 2: INTRODUCTION TO AFRICAN LITERARY TRADITIONS UNIT 3: LITERARY TECHNIQUES IN NOVELS UNIT 4: THEMES AND MESSAGES IN A NOVEL UNIT ...